Well, things are looking up (I think); I had said
It seems to me: There ought to be some diagnostic tool, that see what is or isn't going out of Outlook, and what is or isn't coming back from Google; and if something does come back, what it is unhappy about besides "the connection was interrupted".
And it turns out there are several; but I found this one to my liking. And, I learned a lot about smtp connections in the process.
Despite Microsoft's disclaimer that the retail version of Outlook 2016 did not require 2SV and an App PW, SMTP Console reported back exactly what GMail was saying: An App PW was required, just as you had recommended at the start of this thread. So I put it back, created a new profile, configured the gmail account to use the App PW, and... voila! I can send email.
...provided the size of any attachment is somewhere south of 14,083 bytes. I created a "lorem ipsum" text file, and the largest I was able to send was 13,363 bytes. And the thing is - the transmission was near instantaneous for any file 13K or less; but at 14K, the "sending message 1 of 1" message hangs around for about 20 seconds, before the dreaded 0x800ccc0f error message. (I had bumped the timeout from 3 to 4 minutes, to no avail; trouble happens in under a minute.)
So the problem has been narrowed down considerably. Time to get on Google's radar again; thanks for all your help, I'd be happy to try out any other suggestions that may occur to you in the meantime.
Dan