Additional features, settings, or issues not covered by specific Microsoft Teams categories
I just had this problem. After doing a factory reset - it must have restored some data from Google and I had the issue again.
I tried various fixes described here such as turning off usage data under Settings in the MS Authenticator app and also removing my account from the Authenticator app - but none of it worked.
What did work for me though was uninstalling the MS Authenticator app completely. Uninstalling Teams. Reinstalling Teams and signing in work my work account. Because I didn't have the MS Authenticator app, I had to get my MFA via a text message. That got me in successfully.
I then needed to reinstall the MS Authenticator app and restore from a backup/cloud recovery to get my identities back.