Whatever is causing these USB disconnect issues, one thing is for sure, there is a way around it. Allow me to explain...
So in my setup, I have a Dell monitor with two side mounted USB sockets, these are just piggy backed off the rear of my computer. Whenever I plug USB devices into my monitor, mobile phone, USB thumb drives USB Docking Stations, I don't get any disconnect issues and never have. Ironically however connecting any of those USB devices directly to the back of my computer does cause frequent disconnects. Likewise if I connect anything to the front USB ports on my computer the same issue arises, frequent disconnects.
However!
Yesterday I took delivery of a Tccmebius IDE-SATA HDD Docking Station, this particular model has front facing 'XD-TF-MS-CF/MD-SD' Card Readers alongside 2 x USB ports. Although this model is only USB 2.0, I have connected it to one of the free USB 3.1 ports at the rear of my computer as these were the only ones available. Surprisingly, I can now read & write data to my hearts content from a USB Thumb Drive and likewise, plugging in my phone doesn't cause any disconnects either.
Now I might be clutching at straws here but I'm wondering if this has anything to do with the Windows USB controllers, I believe others have hinted at this too. I noticed on my system that both the USB 3.0 and USB 3.1 controllers received a diver update on the 21st May 2024, right around when I first started experiencing these issues. Whereas the USB 2.0 controllers haven't been updated since 2006.
If only Microsoft would provide a little input here, it's frustrating when they don't seem to care!