It's disheartening to discover that this thread has been going for 2 and a half years. More-so when you discover there were Surface Pro 3 people with the same issue in another thread started a couple years earlier. I'm simply adding my voice to the chorus of victims... and to confirm that it's still happening. Last Wednesday (10 Feb 2021), my Surface Pro 4 received a random set of not-insignificant windows updates... and since then my Type Cover is unresponsive... no power, nothing.
I know it's not the Type Cover 'cos mine works on a friends Surface... theirs doesn't work on mine. It doesn't work from BIOS either, no power at all... it's like the port is turned off... obvious conclusion, firmware was updated or screwed up during update.
I've tried all the Microsoft Troubleshooting steps, useless. I've tried steps listed on the web and in this thread, nothing works. I even tried running down the battery for a temporary fix, that didn't work for me. I've reset it to no avail. I even tried the downloaded Recovery USB which sent me back to 1709. It was all pointless. They've broken it and essentially rendered my tablet into a desktop, since without the Type Cover it is useless as a portable device. I refuse to carry a keyboard or throw money at a bluetooth Type Cover replacement.
Until this point, I was sold on Surface Pro's into the future, not anymore. This experience has taught me that the OS vendor needs to be seperate from the hardware vendor. I suspect other vendors would have taken this issue seriously by now.
The reported inability to revert or reapply firmware leads me to conclude we'll never see a resolution. Since it's not more wide-spread, is it a particular set of circumstances rather than the firmware update alone? I don't know anything but eg. I use a Microsoft Surface Dock... it was plugged into it last week when the updates occurred. Anecdotally, I heard at work that historically there have been issues with the plugged-in dock messing up firmware updates. As I say, I don't know what I'm talking about. Is there a possible power/standby correlation with the update?
In any case, I live in hope that it gets fixed but have significantly lowered my expectations since reading this thread.