Actually, there are two types of KB updates. If you click online and read about them some are security and several have to do with the changing Japanese calendar. Those are the ones that are messing up our stuff.
Here are some but earlier in this conversation thread there were lists listed a few times about the ones supporting the Japanese calendar change.
Here are some but there are others as well.
KB4461579
KB4462172
KB4462187
KB4464524
KB3114559
I wouldn't recommend deleting security updates. I would put those back...
Research thru Google searches what each KB you have gotten since Jan 2018 means and take out the ones that are related to the Japanese calendar. Also can Google and search for the lists from MS that are related to the calendar.
I typed into Google
Outlook 2010 Japanese calendar updates and got this:
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/help/4478844/office-updates-for-new-japanese-era
Scroll down to Office 2010
I recommend Googling some more. I've seen a few others around I believe.
Just Google till it works.
The bottom line is MS is no longer supporting XP. They sent out these updates to support the change in the Japanese calendar and they messed up some computers so they fixed it for Windows 7 and after and aren't willing to fix it for XP since it's expired.
Do keep in mind, Office 2010 will retire next year as well. In October of 2020.
https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/deployoffice/office-2010-end-support-roadmap