Using classic Outlook for Windows in business environments
I do see the same on Samsung Email for Android. The notable piece is when you choose Exchange as the account type and then type your email address, the "password" field disappears and the modern auth process happens.
I'd been looking into third-party email apps which support EAS, but they all seem to want to connect to your Android client using SMTP/IMAP and then (presumably) their own servers utilise EAS to connect to Microsoft.
I noticed the required permissions when authorising this access (or not!) are different between Samsung Email and the other third-party email apps too.
PS. Please keep us updated on your outstanding ticket with Google :)