TL;DR - somehow adding three accounts at once (one outlook, and two office365) finally got my main account up and working on my mobile
I think I may have found a way round this. I have exactly the same problem, tried exactly the same solutions, including a different office365 account. Came across this thread, got depressed, and realised I would have to return my new phone to Amazon. Within that process I did telephone Samsung, and they tried really hard, but still failed. So I have requested a return (which won't now happen 'til after the weekend).
BUT, I am an inveterate fiddler, and I tried the new account button, and created a new ?@outlook.com account at that worked. So having broken past the opening screen, I then tried adding my main Office365 account, and (as might be expected) failed.
However, in going into look at the new account on my desktop, it presented me with a QR code to download mobile outlook to my phone. So I thought it was worth a go. So I uninstalled the old one (again) and loaded a new Outlook App via the QR code. Which offered me three pre-existing accounts I could add (the new outlook, my main Office365, and another office 365 that I had been trying in case it was my main account that was the problem).
Selecting my main account, and deselecting the other two gave me the same error message and returned me to the initial screen. But on a whim, I tried again, and kept all 3 accounts selected. I got the error message again, but just for one of the accounts - the outlook.com account got through (as I might expect) but so did my main Office365 account!!!
Frankly, while the account seems to be fine, the process of getting there seems a bit of a fluke and potentially fragile. So I tried it again, and it worked again (although, I have no idea why the other 365 account is being rejected). So I now need to see if I can cancel my return.
Sorry, bit long winded, but I figured if anyone is going to take the risk in following my footsteps, a fuller explanation might help (both confidence and repeatability). It may also help if anyone at Microsoft (or Samsung) is seriously looking for clues and insights into what is actually going wrong for the rest of us??? Hope it helps.