Using Outlook for Android in business environments for email and scheduling
I was helping a friend of mine who had this issue, and I was able to solve it for him.
However I don't know exactly what he did to get to this state. We tried all the steps outlined in this thread except the factory reset. Nothing worked but I decided to sign out of all microsoft accounts I could find on the tablet. I found Onedrive was signed in. I tapped sign out and it took me to the android settings accounts menu. I removed that account. I also noticed a "Samsung" account using the same outlook email. I tried to remove that account too but it asked for the password. When my friend entered the password, it was a different one. My guess is that this account was causing some authentication mixup when Outlook tried to authenticate using the same email.
Steps:
open android settings
go-> Accounts and backup
go-> Manage accounts
Sign out of Samsung account (with same email)
Sign out of any other microsoft account
Also follow steps to remove cache and data from outlook, uninstall
Reinstall Outlook and try again. Now it asked for password and we were able to sign in. Note: we selected Office365 account, Outlook account did not work. These options were not presented to us until we deleted those accounts.