Hi,
There is nothing about your computer that would work properly with a HDD, but repeatedly fail with the SSD, other than a bad SSD...
The only other possibility might be a bad connection... I have had that happen with both HDDs and SSDs... Work OK for awhile, and then stop...
I can not guarantee that the SSD is the problem, but if the machine only screws up when the SSD is hooked up, that would be what I would be replacing if it were my machine... I have guessed wrong before though...
I was thinking it was a new SSD that you should be able to return or exchange..
BTW... If you had access to another computer to test it some more, that might be beneficial... A desktop would be easier..