I've been having the same problem, specifically I installed a free font (sportscenter) which I could use in Adobe Illustrator & Word but not in InDesign. The font was not visible in the font folder *except* when I accessed the fonts folder with a command
prompt: %windir%\fonts
There I could *see* the font file, but the function was the same. I deleted, reinstalled--nothing worked.
Here's what did work for me:
In Illustrator and selected a piece of text with the font applied, and
added the character style to my CC library. Back in inDesign, I applied the character attribute to my text--but instead of it updating to sportscenter, it was updated to the Adobe font "eurostile," which is identical in appearance to sportscenter.
Eurostyle, interestingly, is also not available for use in Illustrator. It's not your usual system font match: It is the exact same typeface. I've concluded that the two fonts are in conflict somehow. In any case, I accomplished my goal. The font is looks
exactly the way I want it to, just with a different name.
Hope this is helpful to somebody else.