Work Around
First, a question: How many on here having this issue are on Office Insider? I suspect this issue is coming up each time Office Insider updates, which is about once a week.
In the meantime. If you have this issue - DO NOT UNINSTALL. Do not use a registry cleaner (actually, NEVER use a registry cleaner for anything!), do not try to reinstall, do not go past Go, do not do anything strange like moving files or anything drastic.
That is completely unnecessary.
Simply go to user\USER NAME\local\microsoft\onedrive and then open the most recent folder. It will be something like:
18.131.0701.0002
Look for OneDriveSetup.exe
Double click and it will just take a couple of seconds to restore your OneDrive and place the OneDrive.exe in the correct place. You won't even have to resync.
This workaround has been posted by a few people on this thread.
I have no idea at this stage what the problem is, but if it is because we are on Office Insider, then this is probably the wrong forum.