I have two computers on my home network running Windows 10 Pro version 1803.
Both of these machines are configured to receive Feature Updates utilizing a significant delay: the Semi-Annual Channel plus an extra 30-day deferral. As a result, they didn't receive the version 1803 update until 9 August 2018. Initially everything seemed to be working perfectly, but then the aforementioned devicecensus.exe error appeared in the Reliability Monitor on a daily basis.
Based upon recommendations found earlier in this thread, I initiated the built-in Disk Cleanup utility on one of the machines and focused my attention on Windows Updates as well as Previous Windows Installations. Unfortunately, this method didn't alleviate the problem.
Finally, when "Patch Tuesday" arrived earlier this week (on 14 August 2018) both computers were updated by KB4343909 to build 17134.228. One of the computers has only rebooted once since then (due to the update itself), and the other is actually used daily and then shutdown every night. But in the two days since the update was installed, the devicecensus.exe error has completely disappeared. Hopefully, this signals the end of it!