First, thanks jFiredog for the time spent helping us!
My crash error in the event log is essentially the same as Joe's, but my results from the further testing steps were slightly different. In phase 2 after displaying the calendar and signing in, the status bar at the bottom displays "Updating Calendar" and Live Mail crashes with the same notice: "Windows Live Mail has stopped working. A problem caused the program to stop working correctly. Windows will close the program and notify you if a solution is available." However, if I restart Live Mail, I am still signed in, and as long as I don't use the calendar I can manually click "Send/Receive" and download email. If I restore the settings to send/receive automatically at startup, though, the crash returns during startup. Definitely seems to be the calendar sync.
I am running the latest Live Mail 2012 build with the calendar-sync patch installed, on up-to-date Windows 10. Running in compatibility mode for Windows 7 didn't help.
Log Name: Application
Source: Application Error
Date: 11/24/2015 8:58:23 PM
Event ID: 1000
Task Category: (100)
Level: Error
Keywords: Classic
User: N/A
Computer: DellXPS
Description:
Faulting application name: wlmail.exe, version: 16.4.3563.918, time stamp: 0x55fc56fa
Faulting module name: wcsync.dll, version: 16.4.3563.918, time stamp: 0x55fc5749
Exception code: 0xc0000005
Fault offset: 0x0001e681
Faulting process id: 0x%9
Faulting application start time: 0x%10
Faulting application path: %11
Faulting module path: %12
Report Id: %13
Faulting package full name: %14
Faulting package-relative application ID: %15
Event Xml:
<Event xmlns="http://schemas.microsoft.com/win/2004/08/events/event">
<System>
<Provider Name="Application Error" />
<EventID Qualifiers="0">1000</EventID>
<Level>2</Level>
<Task>100</Task>
<Keywords>0x80000000000000</Keywords>
<TimeCreated SystemTime="2015-11-25T04:58:23.000000000Z" />
<EventRecordID>3420</EventRecordID>
<Channel>Application</Channel>
<Computer>DellXPS</Computer>
<Security />
</System>
<EventData>
<Data>wlmail.exe</Data>
<Data>16.4.3563.918</Data>
<Data>55fc56fa</Data>
<Data>wcsync.dll</Data>
<Data>16.4.3563.918</Data>
<Data>55fc5749</Data>
<Data>c0000005</Data>
<Data>0001e681</Data>
</EventData>
</Event>