Ben,
I also get the IRQL_NOT_LESS_OR_EQUAL BSOD when installing KB2862330 on my Dell Studio XPS 1640 Laptop (Win 7 Home Premium Sp1 fully patched/Microsoft Security Essentials).
I tried to solve the problem using the updated desciption in the KB and found a few curious things that may or may not be interesting to you.
I seem to have a preexisting version mismatch in my USB drivers:
usbhub.sys 6.1.7600.16385
usbport.sys 6.1.7600.16385
usbuhci.sys 6.1.7601.17586
I tried to do an interim update by installing Hotfix KB2528984V2 and got the same BSOD as above
I then tried to disable my USBEHCI controllers as instructed in scenario 3 in the KB and got the same BSOD.
I am able to restore my system to a working state reasonably easily through a few safe mode reboots, so if I can be of any assistance in root-causing this problem I will try to help.
Regards,
Fredrik