if you look at the \windows\windowsupdate.log file, it gives a lot more details about the failure, not exactly human readable with so many errors. some lines even mentioned update is not allowed to download due to service regulation or download size limitation, which doesn't make any sense.
also \windows\SoftwareDistribution\reportingevents.log said it is 0x80070002 http://support.microsoft.com/kb/910336 (BTW, Windows 8 does not have no automatic update service mentioned in the article, i assume it was written for Windows 7)
in my case - 1st computer - Korean Language Pack. strangest thing is, I installed the Chinese Simplified a few days before and it worked fine.
The first time I install it, it won't even show it is downloading like other languages, just blank in the popup box, so i have to cancel it, reboot, and try again, then it downloaded 75.50MB, but got that error everyone else were talking about. If I tried again, it won't even download and start install immediate and failed eventually. i assume the first time has some glitch and corrupted something.
I go into \windows\SoftwareDistribution\download (where the install CAB is in) and \windows\SoftwareDistribution\eventcache.v2 and moved those files out. still won't re-download, just failed after install, must be cached/registered in more files/folders. I gave up and renamed the whole SoftwareDistribution, re-download, still no good like others mentioned. downside in that route, windows update has to re-download 20 updates, over 750MB and reinstall again ...
and then it happened on another box. Chinese Simplified installed ok. then Chinese Traditional got the same problem as Korean as other machine, blank screen 1st time, eventually it downloaded and install, then failed. try japanese, works fine.
on the third box, chinese simplified, chinese traditional, japanese all installed fine.
on Windows RT box I tried, chinese simplified failed also.