Hi there! Since you also mentioned that the files can be viewed on your Surface pro and on the OneDrive cloud then the files are reaching the cloud and the issue is likely with the mobile app rather than the PC sync. But to be sure, I would also check and confirm on your Surface pro that the files are successfully synced or completed, the icons looks like the ones posted on the Microsoft support page:
https://support.microsoft.com/en-us/onedrive/what-do-the-onedrive-icons-mean
Also make sure you're signed into the same Microsoft account on both devices.
If the folders are still missing, try closing OneDrive on your android device completely and reopening it. You can also go to Android Settings → Apps → OneDrive → Storage → Clear cache and then open OneDrive again to see if files will sync.