No options, after clicking Modify I select Quick Repair at the "How would you like to repair your Microsoft 365 and Office programs?" prompt, then click repair. Then it goes right to "Ready to start a Quick Repair?"
App is Microsoft 365 Apps for business - en-us version 16.0.16130.20332, connecting to an on-prem hybrid exchange server if that makes a difference.
I do agree with Kevin that a weekend may be calling it too soon, but all other fix attempts had the issue reoccurring pretty quickly, and especially first thing in the morning, so here's hoping.
Update: As of Tuesday morning the issue is reoccurring, a quick repair still stopped the sign in request and mddprov notification from showing up on reboot.
The Microsoft 365 Apps for Business version went from 16.0.16130.20332 to 16.0.16227.20280, so it updated while the machine was powered on overnight. Perhaps this is contributing to the issue?