A quick work around for anyone having these issues is to close teams and outlook completely, then open a windows explorer window and browse to
"%appdata%\Microsoft\Teams"
delete the contents on this folder and reopen teams.
it maybe related to your company using 2FA for your azure ad account. if you're using a machine managed by your company then it maybe using the password you used when login in to your machine.
i think the more "permanent" solution that microsoft alludes to is the "app passwords" that you can create using your 365 user account:
https://mysignins.microsoft.com/security-info