I have now fixed, broken, and fixed it again on my Galaxy S9 phone, which makes me think I may be on to a workable solution.
The issue seems to arise with power savings for me. Under Settings>Battery>Power Mode if I set the "Optimize" or save mode, the problem recurs. I have to go into App settings for both Outlook and Authenticator, select "Battery" options, and set to "Not
optimized" for the settings under "Optimize battery usage". I also enabled "Allow background Data Usage" AND "Allow app while Data save on". BTW, the battery usage hit from allowing these settings seems to be negligible.
After all these settings, "Force stop" both apps and reboot the phone. After that it seems to work reliably.
This worked for me. I set the battery settings to maximum performance and removed all apps from 'prevented background running' and disabled automated optimization. (Outlook was in neither of these groups but still affected).
This will drain my battery even more, but at least I will get mails again. So this seems to be an Android OS issue caused by heavy battery saving. This made my Spotify stutter some time ago too.