In what is probably the best customer support experience I've had in my life, I reached out to DisplayLink about the potential conflict and received a follow up response no more than 5 minutes later. Here's the scoop:
- DisplayLink has recently been made aware of the issue and is currently testing a new release that includes a fix for it.
- 11/24 update: per my support contact at DisplayLink, pending no issues are found with the current build the ETA for the updated driver is mid-December.
- There is a better workaround for this issue than the one previously recommended of disabling Protected View:
- Open an Office application (I used Word) and go Options > Advanced and check the
"Disable hardware graphics acceleration" box and click OK.

I am happy to report that this resolved my issue and I am now able to preview attachments within Outlook with Protected View still enabled. I didn't even have to reboot for the change to take effect.
Big tip of the hat to DisplayLink for their stellar customer service and follow up on this. Hope this information can be of help to others dealing with this issue.
I did have to restart Outlook for the change to take effect, but it worked perfectly. I too have a USB dock that uses Display Link software and would have never suspected that as the cause of this issue, but it clearly was. I can't thank you enough for
tracking this down, as I had spent a couple hours playing with registry edits, program uninstall/reinstall routines, etc. without success. Loss of attachment preview capability in Outlook was a big inconvenience.
As an additional point, I began experiencing a significant slowdown in Internet Explorer 11 performance that also relates to "protected view" mode (If PV is off, performance is fine, if it's on, page rendering takes 15-45 seconds). I thought these issues
might be related, but Display Link support, who similar to your case replied in a matter of hours with a well-written response, indicated that they don't see a connection between the issues.