Using classic Outlook for Windows in business environments
Gabriel's work-around really seems to work and stops the high CPU usage while typing a message in Outlook!
I tried rollbacks to version 2405, build 16.0.17628.20110 (first build of 2405) as well as build 16.0.17628.20164 (latest build of 2405), and with both, the high CPU usage did not appear again up to now. To be verified over the coming days, but this looks very promising!
For the rollback, I would recommend build 16.0.17628.20164 (latest build of 2405), because in comparison to 20110 (first build of 2405) which Gabriel mentioned, 20164 includes some later security fixes and, most of all, it already includes some major user-interface updates (for example the new rounded menu ribbon) which 20110 is missing. So version 2405, build 16.0.17628.20164 has already the same look as the current version 2502, whereas version 2405, build 16.0.17628.20110 still has the older look.
Hopefully, the CPU usage really does not appear again after the rollback. And hopefully, Microsoft will fix this bug very soon so that everybody can receive current updates again.
By the way, there had been a very similar bug already some time ago, from version 2105 to 2301 (it took MS over 1,5 years to finally fix it...). At that time, the high CPU usage appeared when opening attachments in Outlook: https://answers.microsoft.com/en-us/outlook_com/forum/all/outlook-causes-high-cpu-usage-for-2-3-minutes-each/fa903250-4bd2-4517-942c-fe77b4c6f3c3
By the way, for those who speak German, there's another thread for this issue on a German discussion board: https://thinkpad-forum.de/threads/outlook-365-seit-2-3-wochen-pl%C3%B6tzlich-sehr-oft-hohe-cpu-last.230167/page-5#post-2408544