Using Classic Outlook on Windows for personal email, calendar, and contact management
In my experience if MFA changes are needed, the outlook popups dont allow those pages to be shown. I always have people log into office.com via a browser and see if it prompts for additional info, like setting up mfa etc.. not sure why the prompts wont display in the Outlook windows properly.
However this may also be related to Outlook unexpectedly opens a browser window if OWA is disabled - Microsoft Support which is the overall topic of this thread. You can see on that page that the status is investigating and fix is due sometime next month