I'd been having the same issue the past ~month and seem to have just found a solution that works for me.
My email/calendar was previously synced as an Outlook account. I instead tried adding my email as a Microsoft Exchange ActiveSync account, and this solved the issue.
I realise this is essentially the advice provided by @Kerry Chen MSFT, but I wanted to highlight the fact that it was adding a new type of account, not just deleting and re-adding my Outlook account, that solved it.
I found the easiest way to add the Exchange account was via the Samsung email app. Interestingly, since adding this the options to sync calendars and contacts within the Outlook app are forced on - i.e. on but greyed out and can't be turned off.
There was also no need for me to delete my Outlook account, though I have disabled sync on this within the Samsung 'Manage Accounts' settings so that my info isn't duplicated.
Hope this helps someone!
Samsung Galaxy S22 Ultra (One UI 5.1)
Outlook version: 4.2312.3 (42312823)