Managing personal Outlook.com account settings, security, and privacy
What I did was to use my recovery code (25 alfanumerics caracters) and with this you reset all your security settings. It last 1 month to give access to your account again. I am still waiting for that time to see if it works.
I suppose that the problem is in accounts with two-steps verification because until I subcribed to this security level it worked well. ( I used google authenticator).