It's not attachments. And it's not Outlook. It's a problem with Google Workspace.
I took your advice, and installed emClient; it supports OAUTH, which both GMail and Yahoo support. I configured accounts I have on both, and was successfully able to send emails to both with "test" as the body. I then used "lorem ipsum" text in the attachment as the body of the email; ~32K bytes worth. The email to Yahoo went through; the email to Google Workspace did not. Log snippets below.
I spent several frustrating hours on the phone with Google yesterday, only for them to conclude it was a problem with Outlook, and they wanted logs from me. Well, logs they will get now - this is a smoking gun.
Yahoo:
17:16:54.085|016| eM Client 9.0.1708+2cfb4a5e03 (Windows)
17:16:54.085|016| Account's UID is 0fb5491b-d1b2-4d97-a58a-babfca36c932
17:16:54.085|016| AccountBase.ChangeOnlineState : State changed to ONLINE due User
17:17:24.230|01E| SMTP S: 220 smtp.mail.yahoo.com ESMTP ready
17:17:24.235|01E| SMTP C: EHLO [192.168.1.170]
17:17:24.277|01E| SMTP S: 250-hermes--production-ne1-6649c47445-tp7sw Hello [192.168.1.170] [100.34.152.185])
17:17:24.277|01E| SMTP S: 250-PIPELINING
17:17:24.277|01E| SMTP S: 250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
17:17:24.285|01E| SMTP S: 250-8BITMIME
17:17:24.285|01E| SMTP S: 250-SIZE 41697280
17:17:24.286|01E| SMTP S: 250 AUTH PLAIN LOGIN XOAUTH2 OAUTHBEARER
17:17:24.290|01E| SMTP C: AUTH OAUTHBEARER <Parameter removed for privacy reasons.>
17:17:24.553|01E| SMTP S: 235 2.7.0 Authentication successful
17:17:24.558|01E| SMTP C: MAIL FROM:<******@yahoo.com> SIZE=28978
17:17:24.666|01E| SMTP S: 250 2.1.0 Sender <******@yahoo.com> OK
17:17:24.667|01E| SMTP C: RCPT TO:<******@yahoo.com>
17:17:24.708|01E| SMTP S: 250 2.1.5 Recipient <******@yahoo.com> OK
17:17:24.708|01E| SMTP C: DATA
17:17:24.749|01E| SMTP S: 354 Ok Send data ending with <CRLF>.<CRLF>
17:17:24.758|01E| SMTP C:
17:17:24.758|01E| SMTP C: .
17:17:25.255|01E| SMTP S: 250 OK , completed
17:17:25.258|01E| SMTP C: QUIT
17:17:25.300|01E| SMTP S: 221 Service Closing transmission
Google Workspace:
17:11:18.726|015| eM Client 9.0.1708+2cfb4a5e03 (Windows)
17:11:18.726|015| Account's UID is 1e302ec2-6d7d-4777-b876-5b64f0b9407f
17:11:18.726|015| AccountBase.ChangeOnlineState : State changed to ONLINE due User
17:13:02.680|024| SMTP S: 220 smtp.gmail.com ESMTP y5-20020a37f605000000b006b5f8f32a8fsm5608350qkj.114 - gsmtp
17:13:02.681|024| SMTP C: EHLO [IPv6:2600:4040:7664:500:4d45:15a4:d1a8:daf0]
17:13:02.703|024| SMTP S: 250-smtp.gmail.com at your service, [2600:4040:7664:500:4d45:15a4:d1a8:daf0]
17:13:02.703|024| SMTP S: 250-SIZE 35882577
17:13:02.712|024| SMTP S: 250-8BITMIME
17:13:02.712|024| SMTP S: 250-STARTTLS
17:13:02.712|024| SMTP S: 250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
17:13:02.712|024| SMTP S: 250-PIPELINING
17:13:02.712|024| SMTP S: 250-CHUNKING
17:13:02.712|024| SMTP S: 250 SMTPUTF8
17:13:02.713|024| SMTP C: STARTTLS
17:13:02.732|024| SMTP S: 220 2.0.0 Ready to start TLS
17:13:02.749|024| SMTP C: EHLO [IPv6:2600:4040:7664:500:4d45:15a4:d1a8:daf0]
17:13:02.979|024| SMTP S: 250-smtp.gmail.com at your service, [2600:4040:7664:500:4d45:15a4:d1a8:daf0]
17:13:02.979|024| SMTP S: 250-SIZE 35882577
17:13:02.979|024| SMTP S: 250-8BITMIME
17:13:02.979|024| SMTP S: 250-AUTH LOGIN PLAIN XOAUTH2 PLAIN-CLIENTTOKEN OAUTHBEARER XOAUTH
17:13:02.980|024| SMTP S: 250-ENHANCEDSTATUSCODES
17:13:02.980|024| SMTP S: 250-PIPELINING
17:13:02.980|024| SMTP S: 250-CHUNKING
17:13:02.980|024| SMTP S: 250 SMTPUTF8
17:13:02.980|024| SMTP C: AUTH OAUTHBEARER <Parameter removed for privacy reasons.>
17:13:03.113|024| SMTP S: 235 2.7.0 Accepted
17:13:03.114|024| SMTP C: MAIL FROM:<******@59plymouth.net> SIZE=28958
17:13:03.132|024| SMTP S: 250 2.1.0 OK y5-20020a37f605000000b006b5f8f32a8fsm5608350qkj.114 - gsmtp
17:13:03.132|024| SMTP C: RCPT TO:<******@59plymouth.net>
17:13:03.150|024| SMTP S: 250 2.1.5 OK y5-20020a37f605000000b006b5f8f32a8fsm5608350qkj.114 - gsmtp
17:13:03.150|024| SMTP C: DATA
17:13:03.306|024| SMTP S: 354 Go ahead y5-20020a37f605000000b006b5f8f32a8fsm5608350qkj.114 - gsmtp
17:13:03.310|024| SMTP C:
17:13:03.310|024| SMTP C: .
17:13:22.714|024| Exception: MailClient.Accounts.SocketException: Sending messages failed due to the following reason:
17:13:22.714|024| "Unable to read data from the transport connection: A connection attempt failed because the connected party did not properly respond after a period of time, or established connection failed because connected host has failed to respond.."
17:13:22.714|024| at MailClient.Protocols.Smtp.SmtpSendCommand.Execute(WorkerStatus status)
17:13:22.714|024| at MailClient.Commands.Command.Process(WorkerStatus status)
17:13:22.715|027| AccountBase.ChangeOnlineState : State changed to OFFLINE due BrokenConnection