Using classic Outlook for Windows in business environments
Error 0x800CCC0F,is typically encountered when there is a credential issue with the account - very frequently with Yahoo / AOL / AT&T accounts where the user has not used an <App Password> as the email address for the account in Outlook.
You've gone though everything I can think of from a trouble-shooting standpoint so the only thing left is making sure that Windows is completely up-to-date.
This may also seem like an odd-question to ask, but you didn't turn off 2FA on the Google account after you generated the <App Password> did you? (reason for asking is that one user who was encountering issues did so - just covering all bases)
Outlook MVO Diane Poremsky (the author of the article you referenced) has a variety of articles / reference points on the subject (she is the pre-eminent expert in all things Outlook) which brings the focus back to the <timeout> setting for the account
Error 0x800CCC0F when sending or receiving email.
Usually caused by Antivirus software scanning email, but antispam scanners may cause Outlook to return this error as well. Disable the email scanning or increase the timeout setting. Also, make sure your firewall is allowing the scanner software to connect to the Internet.
as described in
Common Outlook Outgoing Server (SMTP) Errors
https://www.slipstick.com/problems/common-outlo...
Outlook 2016 0x800CCC0F 'The connection to the server was interrupted'