Using classic Outlook for Windows in business environments
I'm having the exact same issue. I just made my new outlook.com email my primary alias for my Microsoft account. My previous primary alias was a gmail.com email. I was trying to experiment and see if I could get Microsoft To-Do integration if I signed in to New Outlook with the Microsoft account I was using for To-Do. But I had to change my primary alias to avoid Outlook confusing my Gmail account with my Microsoft account. But when I tried to sign in, I had the same issue as OP.