The release notes for to Version 2309 / Build 16827.20130 have now been posted at https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/officeupdates/current-channel#version-2309-september-28, and the Resolved Issues section for Outlook states in part that "We fixed an issue where the setting to control how Outlook opens previous items at start-up was missing from the Options window".
After updating to Version 2309 / Build 16827.20130 I changed the setting at File | Options | General | Start Up Options | When Outlook Opens to Never reopen previous items ...

... and I can confirm that the Version 2309 / Build 16827.20130 update automatically created the missing ReopenWindowsOption registry key at HKEY_CURRENT_USER\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Office\16.0\Outlook\Preferences. My value is currently set to 1 (where 0 = Ask me if I want to reopen previous items, 1 = Never reopen previous items, 2 = Always reopen previous items), which matches the setting I chose in my Start Up options.

Please note that I did not try any of the temporary workarounds suggested in this thread like rolling back my MS Office to Version 2305, manually creating the ReopenWindowsOption registry key (value type = REG_DWORD, value = 1) in my registry, disabling the “Store my Outlook Settings in the Cloud” checkbox at File | Options | General | Cloud Storage Options (which isn’t present in my MS Office 2019 settings) or adding the /restore switch to the Target field of my Outlook desktop shortcut.
Dell Inspiron 5584 * 64-bit Win 10 Pro v22H2 build 19045.3448 * Firefox v118.0.1 * Microsoft Defender v4.18.23080.2006-1.1.23080.2005 * Malwarebytes Premium v4.6.3.282-1.0.2158 * Macrium Reflect Free v8.0.7279 * MS Office Home and Business Version 2309 / Build 16827.20130 Click-to-Run