Configuring preferences and options in Outlook.com
I have had this problem too after last weekend's gmail app update for android. November 9th 2019.
Here is a way to "fix" it.
Got to the properties of your Gmail account management and select your Exchange account with this problem.
Here you will get another question to update your security settings. When you try that it will give a list of rights this account will get (including wiping your phone!!) which is needed to get it work. This is required even if the Exchange environment with it's policies itself does not require this!!
So up to you of you accept this or not.