Accessing Microsoft Teams using organizational or personal credentials
I was able to finally get out of this loop. My administrator had previously turned off all TFA requirements on our login settings. However, there was an option to reset all device login history. Apparently my account somehow got marked as having already been signed into a Microsoft Authenticator App on some device in the past. After resetting the trusted devices for my account, I was then able to sign into the Authenticator App and instead of asking me to approve the sign in, it instead asked me to provide a second authentication from either another email or a phone number. I was able to input my cell number and then get a text with a verification code and sign into the Authenticator App and finally approve my own sign in.