Accessing Microsoft Teams using organizational or personal credentials
So this "might" be a fix.
However, when I tried to open the link in your message (mysignins.microsoft.com/security-info) from my desktop PC, it did ask me to sign into my account, and also approve my sign in on the Authenticator App, which if I was still stuck in the infinite loop, would not have worked. (my IT guy had previously been able to reset all my sign in devices on my account).
Yet I tried the same web address from my mobile phone web browser and it did just ask me for my password but did not ask me to approve the sign in on the Authenticator App. I am not sure if that is because it only asks for the Authenticator app to be used on some devices, or if it didn't ask on my phone web browser because that is the same device that has the Authenticator App on it. But my desktop that I tried it on first is also already signed into the same Microsoft account on multiple office apps already.
To further confuse things: My phone had an older password for my Microsoft account saved in the browser, and I had to change it to my current one. Also I had recently upgraded my phone just a week ago and had transferred all my apps and settings from my old phone to the new one, and had never actually opened the Authenticator App on my new phone ever before. So it is odd that the Desktop PC that is signed into multiple office apps and Windows with my current password was the one that asked mt to approve the sign in on the Authenticator, yet the week old mobile phone that had an outdated password saved and had never previously signed into that Microsoft account or into the Authenticator app, was not asked to approve the sign in with 2FA.
So, way to go on that one Microsoft.