Accessing Microsoft Teams using organizational or personal credentials
I ran into the same issue after buying new phone and erasing the old one before setting up my Microsoft stuff (outlook, authenticator etc.)
I finally managed to solve this by:
- Logging to microsoft account on my PC
- Under Security Info tab, I saw my old phone used for multifactor authentication
- I clickend delete next to the old phone and confirmed.
- I was then able to go through the authenticator setup on my phone, escaping the loop!
Maybe this helps. Although I was already logged in to my microsoft account on desktop PC and did not require any multifactor authentication to access it, so if you aren't already logged in I can imagine it will want you to authenticate, sending you down the loop on desktop as well.