For us this update failure appears to affect Windows machines 20H2 and 21H2 which have .NET 4.8 (KB4486153 or similar) and have been upgraded from earlier versions of Windows 10 like 1809. New fresh builds of 20H2 or later don't seem to have this issue.
Installs via SCCM, Windows update or manual download and install fail. CBS.log has the key info as above.
This is happening to lots of people judging by the various posts. Reddit r/sysadmin has posts. Cleanups of Windows update folders and components is having no effect other than to delete your recent update history.
More than two of us have raised official support calls with Microsoft. They have collected log and config info and we are waiting for results of that analysis. It looks like this may require an official fix from Microsoft such as a new/updated KB.