Additional data as follow-up to previous post....
In the task's history, after the task with stored password fails to launch the following two events are logged in TaskScheduler history:
ID 110, Info, "Task triggered by user"
ID 101, Error, "Launch Failure"
Task Scheduler failed to start <task name> task for user <username>.
Additional Data: Error Value: 2147943726
The following article about known issues with Credential Guard is dated 12/15/2022. About 3/4 down the page, the first item under "Previous known issues that have been fixed", a substantially similar issue is presented (task fails to run, same error value as shown above). The article claims that problem was fixed by a Windows 10 Cumulative Update in 2017, so perhaps this is an "old issue" that has returned...
Windows Defender Credential Guard - Known issues | Microsoft Learn