Yeah, like Igor Leyko & AamazingTech2, I say update the USB Installation drive you are booting to for its recovery environment. The one you boot to now is version 10240 (aka 1509) which was the original Win 10. But the installation you intend to repair is version 1903 (OS Build 18362)...
Your recovery environment should always match or exceed the version of your Windows installation. So make a Win 10 Installation USB drive where I said on page 1, & boot to that as I wrote. Then try the DISM command again. Also, the other things you've tried that failed, like Startup Repair & restore points, could be worth another try.
You'll still have the problem of weird drive letters in the recovery environment, though, so watch that. But I've found that they may hold if you set them right once. Put C on the Windows partition, for instance, & it may stick the next time you enter the recovery environment.
So, if you've got this...
Then...
DiskPart <<<Enter DiskPart
Select Vol 4 <<<Select the removable drive
Remove Letter=C <<<Remove its letter C
Assign Letter=G <<<Give it letter G
Select Vol 3 <<<Select the Windows partition
Remove Letter=F <<<Remove its letter F
Assign Letter=C <<<Give it the fit & proper letter C
Exit <<<Leave DiskPart
But I think I would wait & do it with your new Win 10 v.20H2 Installation USB drive.