Meanwhile I could solve the issue with my Synology NAS and Win11 24H2.
I had to chenge in group policies under Computer Configuration- Windows Settings- Local Policies- Security Options the setting
Network security: Restrict NTLM outgoing :allow all
After that, access to shared folder was as before in 23H2, I even didn't need to allow the insecure guest login to see my NAS in the network neighbourhood.
This worked for 3 PCs AMD and Intel installing 24H2.
Surpisingly it worked without changing anything on a fourth PC which I upgraded on Friday to 24H2, maybe ther was a recent update of 24H2 which solved the issue?