I have the same problem. My computer shows up under linked devices but not on the Microsoft Account's device page. I created a local account and signed in with that but it did not help. I tried to sign into Microsoft with the local account, but it told me another account on the machine was already using that Microsoft account (which was my original account). I then signed back into my original account. It did not help.
I was going to try a repair install, but given what has happened here, it might be better to wait. The really strange thing is that I have three other identical computers configured the same way, and they are not having any issues.
If anyone has any other suggestions, I would appreciate them.
By the way:
"2) Trigger Sync manually by going to Settings > Accounts > Sync your settings and ensure sync is enabled."
I could not find a sync manually on this page. Am I missing something?
I am using Windows 11 Pro 24H2
OS Build 26100.4202