I have the identical problem on my Dell XPS desktop. I have a Samsung laptop that never has this problem, but I have the problem on the desktop all day.
I have no idea why corrupted files would be the answer, since the problem only occurs after some period of inactivity for me. I leave my computer on all night. First time I open any Windows 10 app in the morning, I get exactly what you are getting. Just close it and reopen it and its fine. During the day, again, if there is a period of inactivity, it will happen again, just like early in the morning.
I don't think the inactivity is per app either. This seems to be across the board. Just came back from lunch and computer was idle for 1 hour. Calculator would not open 1st time just like the poster showed in his graphic. Just blue screen. Close and immediately reopen and it runs fine. Once I open it, all the other Windows 10 apps will open fine, so its not about the calculator its about all of the Windows 10 "store" apps. Leave them alone for some time and whichever one is opened next gets stuck and won't open. Close and reopen, all is good.
I would think corrupted files would prevent it from opening all the time. This has something to do with inactivity, at least on my Dell system.