I think you could have a go at installing Windows 10 now if you still want to. This same update is available in Windows 10 as KB3147461: https://support.microsoft.com/kb/3147461
However, you don't have the luxury of being able to disable automatic updates in Windows 10 and once that's installed, you have to accept everything Microsoft wants to install on your machine.
There are also the privacy issues to contend with although to a certain degree, you can disable a large number of them: https://fix10.isleaked.com/
Similarly, Microsoft has blocked other browsers from using Cortana now although some workarounds have appeared. But I suspect these will be shortlived: http://searchengineland.com/microsoft-says-no-to-other-browsers-248381
Windows 10 also uses your bandwidth to send other users updates: http://thenextweb.com/microsoft/2015/07/30/windows-10-steals-your-bandwidth-to-send-other-people-updates/
In your current situation though, I'm afraid to say that I don't know what else you can try to get the update installed. But this isn't the first time something like this has occurred and Microsoft has in the end come up with a fix. But it's anybody's guess how long that will be in this particular case.