Well, I've done some digging and it seems this noise was reported way back on the first Surface Pro. It appears to be to do with when the CPU enters various c-states (when idle).
There is a thread here about it.
One of posts suggests the following workaround, essentially disabling the idle state:
You can disable the ACPI C2-state and C3-state by setting a registry key. To do this, follow these steps:
1. At a command prompt, run the following command:
reg add HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Processor /v Capabilities /t REG_DWORD /d 0x0007e066
2. Restart the computer.
Note The computer idle power consumption will increase significantly if the deeper ACPI C-states (processor idle sleep states) are disabled.
To continue to benefit from these energy-saving states, remove the registry key that you set in step 1 after you install the hotfix that this article describes. To do remove the registry key, follow these steps:
1. At a command prompt, run the following command:
reg delete HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Processor /v Capabilities /f
2. Restart the computer.
I have found this improves the noise a lot but the question of course is what adverse impact this will have on battery use or heat etc. Time will tell I suppose.
It's pretty annoying that this has been known about for this long and Microsoft/Intel have not addressed the problem properly.
So I'd like to know for sure one way or the other whether other Surface Pro 4 users can hear this noise from the back of their device (easiest to hear from the vents at the top near camera).