I have identified a reproducible solution to this problem. The important thing is the order.
If the error occurs on new installation or after an update, you have to install an old driver first. For me it works with version 25.20.100.7101 from 05.08.2019 This driver is included in the package SurfacePro7_Win10_18362_19.103.34215.0.msi.
First you have to install this package. But after the installation this driver is not used yet, because Windows finds a newer driver.
In the next step you have to uninstall the graphics card "Intel(R) Iris(R) Plus Graphics" via the device manager and also click the checkbox to remove the driver during the uninstallation. After a restart, Windows searches for a driver and automatically uses the last driver that is available. In the Device Manager, the version used is displayed for "Intel(R) Iris(R) Plus Graphics" under "Driver".
As long as the resolution is 640x480, the device must be uninstalled again and again until the driver that was installed in the first step is displayed.