Hello,
You will have to replace the Security Verification method in your Microsoft account.
That is, on the Verify Your Identity Screen, select "I don't have any of these" and follow the prompts to replace the Security Information.

Note - If you remove all of your previous security information and replace it with something new, your account will be put into a restricted state for 30 days.
So, if you update your Security info, here are the two options available for you:
- If you have important files on the device, wait 30 days for the security information update to take effect. After the waiting period, reset your Microsoft account password and enter the verification code.
- If the files are not important and you have already backed them up, you can reset your PC to factory settings through the Windows Recovery Environment. This will allow you to continue using the device with a different Microsoft account while you wait for the security information update to take effect.