This behavior matches a file-location limitation more than a workbook-permission problem.
For Excel co-authoring, shared-drive locations such as \\server\folder and smb://server/folder do not support the required cloud collaboration experience. Supported locations are OneDrive, OneDrive for Business, or SharePoint in Microsoft 365. That aligns with the fact that Copilot works for this user after the workbook is saved to OneDrive.
Also verify these workbook conditions:
- Confirm the workbook is in a modern Excel format
Copilot in Excel supports modern workbook formats such as.xlsx. If needed, open the file in Excel and save it again through File > Save As > Browse and choose Excel Workbook (.xlsx). - Check whether the file is in an unsupported state
If the workbook is stored in SharePoint and is checked out, Copilot in Excel can show an unsupported file-state error. Check the file back in, then close and reopen it. If the site requires check-out for editing, use Excel for the web for those files. - Use a supported storage location
Since the issue occurs on the shared drive and disappears in OneDrive, move or copy the workbook to OneDrive or SharePoint in Microsoft 365 and open it from there. - If the file must stay on the shared drive
That location is not supported for co-authoring. In that case, Copilot editing in the desktop app may not be available for that file path. A practical workaround is to use OneDrive/SharePoint or open the file in Excel for the web when applicable.
The strongest indicator in this case is the storage path: the same .xlsx works once it is placed in OneDrive, while the shared drive does not.