Using New Outlook on Windows for personal email, calendar, and contact management
Since you're using New Outlook, can you confirm whether the issue affects only one mailbox or all mailboxes, and whether you can still download/open the attachments successfully outside the preview pane?
Because PNG, JPEG, and PDF previews are all failing, this may be an issue with New Outlook's attachment preview service rather than a specific file type. As a test, try opening the same message in Outlook on the web (OWA). If previews work there but not in New Outlook, that would help isolate the problem to the New Outlook client. There have also been reports of preview-related issues in New Outlook where downloading or opening the attachment directly works as a temporary workaround.