First, press Win + R and type:
winver
If it shows 19045.7663, the issue is likely caused by an incorrect WaaSAssessment cache/state.
Open Notepad and copy the following content into it:
Windows Registry Editor Version 5.00
[-HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\WaaSAssessment]
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\WaaSAssessment]
"Endpoint"="settings-win.data.microsoft.com"
[HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\WaaSAssessment\Cache]
"UpToDateStatus"=dword:00000000
"UpToDateImpact"=dword:00000000
"UpToDateDays"=dword:00000000
Save the file as:
WaaS-reset.reg
Double-click the file to import it into the registry, then restart the computer.
After restarting, go to:
Settings > Update & Security > Windows Update > Check for updates
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The purpose of this registry change is to remove the old WaaSAssessment status and allow Windows to regenerate the Windows Update status.
Caution: Incorrectly modifying the registry can cause Windows to become corrupted. It is recommended that you back up the Windows registry before making any changes.
Microsoft's official instructions for backing up the registry:
https://support.microsoft.com/topic/how-to-back-up-and-restore-the-registry-in-windows-855140ad-e318-2a13-2829-d428a2ab0692#ID0EBD=Windows_10