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Your assessment above is correct, but for Exchange Online, there is an easy solution - use the Get-EXOMailboxFolderPermission cmdlet instead. Here's a comparison between the output of the two cmdlets:
Get-MailboxFolderPermission shared:\Kalender | select -Skip 2 | select -ExpandProperty User
Gosho
Pesho
Get-EXOMailboxFolderPermission shared:\Kalender | select -Skip 2 | select -ExpandProperty User
DisplayName UserPrincipalName UserType
----------- ----------------- --------
Gosho ******@michev.info Internal
Pesho ******@michev.info Internal
As you can see, the latter returns a object instead of a string, and the object contains a proper identifier for the User in the form of UserPrincipalName.