Many sections of the Settings page seem to be hidden due to a policy setting.
Please open Command Prompt (admin) and run the following commands to clear the policies.
reg delete HKCU\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer /v "SettingsPageVisibility" /f
reg delete HKLM\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Policies\Explorer /v "SettingsPageVisibility" /f
Post the output here.
Close and reopen Settings.
(Another possibility is that the Settings app is corrupt. Let me know the outcome of the above commands so that I can post the next fix, if necessary.)