Seeing exact same symptoms for Defender Antivirus showing as off, but all the toggles showing as running (and I can use the right click context menu in Explorer to initiate an on-demand scan, so I know it's not all broken). I have no other antivirus installed, and I am not enrolled in insider; currently running the August 2026 normal update (build 26200.9168). Microsoft Defender Antivirus service was not showing up in Services.msc, either.
I ran Get-MpComputerStatus as suggested above and all three responded as if they were running. After running Get-MpComputer Status for the AV services, sfc /scannow, and the DISM check (no issues identified for either of the latter), the Defender AV Network service, Defender AV service, and Defender Core service all show up in Services.msc. I still have "Microsoft Defender Antivirus is turned off", but at least the services show up as running.
Whatever is causing this issue is not just for release preview builds, but I appreciate the alternative method to confirm that things are running via PowerShell.