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Thanks for checking that, and sorry the first steps did not fix it.
Since notes work in a new workbook, this is likely an issue with that specific workbook or sheet.
Please make a copy of the file first. Then try this in the copied file:
Go to Review > Notes > Delete Note on the affected cell, save the file, close Excel, then reopen it and try adding the note again.
If the note still will not open, try copying the sheet contents into a new workbook, since notes are working correctly there. Use Select All, copy the data, then paste it into a new workbook and test New Note again.
Also, is the sheet protected, or is the file saved as .xls instead of .xlsx?