It seems that if special characters are used, such as +, OneNote is unable to sync.
My troubleshooting steps consisted of closing the notebook, which led to a misplaced section being created. I noticed that it had the + character in the section name. I didn't have much in this misplaced section, so I just deleted it.
I was able to edit the notebook via the browser via no issue.
I got a similar error message before: https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/answers/questions/5765660/onenote-cant-sync-one-of-my-notebooks-code-9zu13 and I noticed that this time I had a section group name containing the + character. I renamed the section group and the notebook was able to sync successfully without error.
I seemed to have resolved my issue, but once again, why does OneNote allow me to name sections or section groups with illegal characters? This error is non-obvious.
The AI suggested answer to just create a new notebook and copy the contents over doesn't really solve the problem if there are illegal characters to begin with.